• Betalingskort og tosidige markeder - noen implikasjoner for policy 

      Vale, Bent (Staff Memo;6/2010, Working paper, 2010)
      I dette notatet gis først en kort innføring i noen grunnleggende trekk ved et tosidig marked som kortmarkedet. Deretter gjennomgås noe av den teoretiske litteraturen om betalingskort. Vi ser spesielt på om gebyrstrukturen ...
    • Competitiveness and Regulation of Norwegian Banks 

      Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene; Vale, Bent; Grindaker, Morten Haabeth; Skancke, Erling (Staff Memo;18/2013, Working paper, 2013)
      This report looks at the competitiveness of the Norwegian banking sector, in particular with respect to banking regulation and taxation. How do Norwegian banks perform relative to other European banks and relative to other ...
    • Effects of Higher Equity Ratio on a Bank’s Total Funding Costs and Lending 

      Vale, Bent (Staff Memo;10/2011, Working paper, 2011)
      Simply stating that because equity is much more expensive than debt funding, banks total funding costs will increase accordingly if their equity ratio is increased, biases the estimated increase upwards. As recently put ...
    • Endogenous Product Differentiation in Credit Markets: What Do Borrowers Pay For? 

      Kim, Moshe; Kristiansen, Eirik Gaard; Vale, Bent (Working Papers;8/2001, Working paper, 2001)
      This paper studies strategies pursued by banks in order to differentiate their services and soften competition. More specifically we analyse whether bank's ability to avoid losses, its capital ratio, or bank size can be ...
    • Forecasting Demand for Various Denominations of Notes and Coins Using Error Correction Models 

      Vale, Bent (Staff Memo;1/2015, Working paper, 2015)
      In this paper we present a set of error correction models in order to forecast separately the change in demand for each of the notes and coins issued by Norges Bank. Such forecasts can play a role in planning how many new ...
    • Global and Regional Initiatives to Strengthen Oversight and Regulation of the Financial Sector 

      Vale, Bent; Winje, Pål (Journal article, 2011)
      A bird’s-eye view of recent reform proposals to banking regulation is presented. Emphasis is on the Basel Committee’s proposed capital and liquidity regulations, but also initiatives from other international organisations ...
    • Hvordan virker ulike kapitalkrav på bankene i dårlige tider? 

      Andersen, Henrik; Haugen, Charlotte Høeg; Johnsen, Jama; Turtveit, Lars-Tore; Vale, Bent (Staff Memo;8/2021, Working paper, 2021)
      Bruk av kapitalbuffere kan dempe faren for at bankene forsterker tilbakeslag. Men andre krav kan hindre bankene fra å bruke bufferne motsyklisk, særlig om konsekvensene av å bryte andre krav er mer alvorlige enn konsekvensene ...
    • Initiativer internasjonalt for å håndtere systemrisikoen ved store banker 

      Grung, Thorvald; Vale, Bent (Aktuell Kommentar;13/2012, Others, 2012)
      Den siste finanskrisen har vist hvor sårbare moderne økonomier kan være som følge av at bankene har vokst seg store. I denne Aktuelle kommentaren gir vi først en kort beskrivelse av noen av disse problemene. Deretter gir ...
    • Innskyterpreferanse 

      Vale, Bent (Journal article, 2012)
      Innskyterpreferanse innebærer at dersom kreditorene i en bank må ta tap, gis innskyterne fortrinnsrett, slik at innskuddene først blir nedskrevet etter at all øvrig gjeld er fullstendig nedskrevet. Artikkelen drøfter ...
    • Kriseløsing av banker ved hjelp av bail-in – momenter ved innføring i Norge 

      Vale, Bent (Staff Memo;12/2014, Working paper, 2014)
      Her gjennomgås hvordan bail-in eller nedskrivning av en banks gjeldsfordringer og tvungen konvertering av gjeld til egenkapital kan brukes under krisehåndtering av banken. Fremstillingen tar utgangspunkt i EUs direktiv for ...
    • Lending Growth, Non-Performing Loans and Loan Losses 

      Kvisgaard, Vera; Vale, Bent (Staff Memo;8/2018, Working paper, 2018)
      At macro level, large loan losses for banks have often been preceded by periods of high lending growth. We analyse at bank level whether high loan growth also leads to more problem loans later on. The analysis is carried ...
    • Life-Cycle Patterns of Interest Rate Markups in Small Firm Finance 

      Kim, Moshe; Kristiansen, Eirik Gaard; Vale, Bent (Working Papers;4/2007, Working paper, 2007)
      We derive empirical implications from a stylized theoretical model of bankborrower relationships. Banks’ interest rate markups are predicted to follow a life-cycle pattern over the borrowing firms’ age. Due to endogenous ...
    • Resolving the Financial Crisis: Are We Heeding the Lessons from the Nordics? 

      Borio, Claudio; Vale, Bent; von Peter, Goetz (Working Papers;17/2010, Working paper, 2010)
      How does the management and resolution of the current crisis compare with the response of the Nordic countries in the early 1990s, widely regarded as exemplary? We argue that, while intervention has been prompter, the ...
    • Scale Economies, Bank Mergers, and Electronic Payments: A Spline Function Approach 

      Humphrey, David B.; Vale, Bent (Working Papers;5/2003, Working paper, 2003)
      This paper demonstrates the importance of using a flexible cost function specification when analyzing economies of scale and estimating the cost effect of banking mergers. The inflexibility of the translog cost function ...
    • Social Capital and the Viability of Stakeholder-Oriented Firms: Evidence from Norwegian Savings Banks 

      Ostergaard, Charlotte; Schindele, Ibolya; Vale, Bent (Working Papers;14/2009, Working paper, 2009)
      Stakeholder oriented governance systems are often thought to hamper efficiency. We show that social capital improves the viability of stakeholder-oriented firms in competitive markets. Studying exits from the population ...
    • The Norwegian Banking Crisis 

      Gerdrup, Karsten R.; Moe, Thorvald Grung; Moen, Harald; Sandal, Knut; Schwierz, Christoph; Solheim, Jon A.; Steigum, Erling; Vale, Bent; Wilse, Hans Petter (Occasional Papers;33, Book, 2004)
    • What Determines Banks’ Market Power? Akerlof versus Herfindahl 

      Kim, Moshe; Kristiansen, Eirik Gaard; Vale, Bent (Working Papers;8/2005, Working paper, 2005)
      We introduce a model analyzing how asymmetric information problems in a bank-loan market may evolve over the age of a borrowing firm. The model predicts a life-cycle pattern for banks’ interest rate markup. Young firms pay ...
    • Why Regulate Banks? 

      Borchgrevink, Henrik; Søvik, Ylva; Vale, Bent (Staff Memo;16/2013, Working paper, 2013)
      In this note we seek to provide a first guide to how the economic literature explains the rationale for regulating banks. The guide is not exhaustive with respect to academic papers covered. Neither do we elaborate on how ...